tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31273757173979950992024-02-08T07:52:20.727-08:00makalah plasentaPrincess Teddyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17929008291804427834noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3127375717397995099.post-46987691059002662162012-09-18T17:46:00.003-07:002012-09-18T17:46:46.156-07:00plasenta<!--[if !mso]>
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<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar
Belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Janin di dalam kandungan memerlukan makanan
dan nutrisi yang menjadikannya tumbuh dan berkembang. Di dalam rahim ibu ,
janin mempunyai saluran pengikat antara ibu dan bayi yang biasa kita sebut
sebagai plasenta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plasenta tumbuh saat janin berusia kurang
lebih satu minggu pertama. Pada plasenta terdapat berbagai macam fungsi
diantaranya sebagai respirasi, ekskresi dan produksi hormone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, se</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">hingga terjadi
pertukaran zat antara ibu dan janin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada makalah ini akan dibahas mengenai
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan plasenta yang lebih spesifik. Plasenta
merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organ berbentuk cakram yg
menghubungkan janin dengan dinding rahim y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">g
menjadi jalan perantara bagi pernapasan, pemberian makanan, dan pertukaran zat
buangan antara janin dan darah ibu. Plasenta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbentuk mirip gumpalan hati menta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h den</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gan diameter 15-20 cm
dan tebal ± 2,5 cm, berat rata-rata 500 gram</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
terdiri dari 200 lebih pembuluh dan vena halus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Plasenta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">terletak
di depan atau di belakang dinding </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/uterus/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uterus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
agak ke atas kearah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/fundus-uteri/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fundus uteri</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
dikarenakan alasan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/fisiologis/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fisiologis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
permukaan bagian atas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korpus-uteri/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korpus uteri</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
lebih luas, sehingga lebih banyak tempat untuk berimplementasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjelaskan
perkembangan dan pertumbuhan plasenta</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui stuktur
anatomi pada plasenta.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui fungsi
plasenta, tipe-tipe plasenta serta sirkulasi plasenta</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PERTUMBUHAN PLASENTA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plasenta
adalah alat yang sangat penting bagi janin karena merupakan alat pertukaran zat
antara ibu dan anak sebaliknya. Pertumbuhan Plasenta makin lama makin bear dan
luas, umumnya mencapai pembentukan lengkap pada usia kehamilan sekitar 16
minggu. Jiwa anak tergantung plasenta, baik tidaknya anak tergantung pada baik
buruknya plasenta. Plasenta merupakan organ sementara yang menghubungkan ibu
dengan janin. Plasenta memproduksi beberapa hormon penting dalam kehamilan
yaitu Human Chorionic Gonatropin (HCG) dan Human Plasenta Lactagen (PHL).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
dan Ukuran</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk
bundar/oval </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diameter
15-25 cm, tebal 3-5 cm </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berat
rata-rata 500-600 gram </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Insersi
tali pusat (tempat berhubungan dengan plasenta) dapat ditengah/ sentrali,
disamping/ lateralis, atau di ujung tepi/ marginalis. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disisi
ibu, tampak daerah-daerah yang agak menonjol (kotiledon) yang diliputi selaput
tipis desidua basalis </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disisi
janin, tampak sejumlah arteri dan vena besar (pembuluh orion) menuju tali
pusat. Orion diliputi oleh amnion </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sirkulasi
darah ibu di plasenta sekitar 3000cc/menit (20 minggu) meningkat 600 cc – 7000
cc/menit (aterm) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Letak
Plasenta</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Letak
plasenta pada umumnya pada korpus uteri bagian depan atau belakang agak ke arah
fundus uteri. Hal ini adalah fisiologis karena permukan bagian atas korpus
uteri lebih luas, sehingga lebih banyak tempat untuk berimplantasi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keadaan
Plasenta</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></u></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian
ibu/permukaan maternal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Permukaan yang menghadap ke
dinding rahim </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Warnanya merah tua </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Permukaannya kasar beralur-alur
sehingga seolah-olah terbagi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam beberapa belah yang disebut
kotiledon </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. Permukaan maternal mempunyai
15-20 kotiledon </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian
janin/ permukaan fetal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permukaan menghadap kearah janin, tampak
licin dan berwarna putih kuning.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Permukaan fetal diliputi lapisan amnion yang tipis dan bening sehingga <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelihatan membayang dibawahnya pembuluh
darah yang bercabang.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Pada permukaan janin dan plasenta terutama tali pusat </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Tali pusat merupakan penghubung janin dan plasenta </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Tebalnya kira-kira 50 cm, berwarna putih kuning dan tampak terpilih yang tidak
sama tebalnya pada semua tempat didalam tali pusat terdapat tiga pembuluh darah
yaitu satu vena umbilikalis dan dua arteri umbilikalis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan
Plasenta</span></u></div>
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Pada
minggu-minggu pertama perkembangan, jonjot-jonjot meliputi seluruh permukaan
korion. Dengan berlanjutnya kehamilan, jonjot pada kutub embrional terus tumbuh
dan meluas membentuk korion frondosum (korion berjonjot lebat seperti
semak-semak).Jonjot pada kutub abembrional mengalami degenerasi dan menjelang
bulan ketiga sisi korion ini menjadi halus dan disebut korion leave. Setelah
minggu pertama (hari 7-8), sel-sel trofoblas yang terletak di atas embrioblas
yang berimplantasi di endometrium dinding uterus, mengadakan proliferasi dan
berdiferensiasi menjadi dua lapis yang berbeda :</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
1<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><a href="http://www.peutuah.com/tag/sitotrofoblas/" title="Posts tagged with sitotrofoblas"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sitotrofoblas</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> : terdiri dari selapis sel kuboid,
batas jelas, </span><a href="http://www.peutuah.com/tag/inti/" title="Posts tagged with inti"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">inti</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> tunggal, di sebelah dalam (dekat
embrioblas).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2. sinsitiotrofoblas
: terdiri dari selapis sel tanpa batas jelas, di sebelah luar (berhubungan
dengan stroma endometrium).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Unit trofoblas ini </span><a href="http://www.peutuah.com/tag/akan/" title="Posts tagged with akan"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">akan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> berkembang
menjadi <strong>PLASENTA</strong></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<em><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahap </span>Pembentukan plasenta</b></em><em><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></em></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></em></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span>tadium berongga (lacunar stage).</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada hari 8-9, </span><a href="http://www.peutuah.com/tag/perkembangan/" title="Posts tagged with perkembangan"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perkembangan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> trofoblas sangat cepat, dari selapis
sel tumbuh menjadi berlapis-lapis. Terbentuk rongga-rongga vakuola yang banyak
pada lapisan sinsitiotrofoblas (selanjutnya disebut sinsitium) yang akhirnya
saling berhubungan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">S</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">irkulasi <em>uteroplasenta/sistem
sirkulasi feto-materna</em>l.<em> </em></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pertumbuhan/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pertumbuhan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> sinsitium ke dalam stroma </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/endometrium/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">endometrium</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> makin dalam kemudian terjadi
perusakan endotel kapiler di sekitarnya, sehingga rongga-rongga sinsitium
(sistem lakuna) tersebut dialiri masuk oleh </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ibu, membentuk sinusoid-sinusoid.
Peristiwa ini menjadi awal terbentuknya sistem sirkulasi <em>uteroplasenta/sistem
sirkulasi feto-materna</em>l.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Antara lapisan dalam sitotrofoblas
dengan selapis sel selaput <em>Heuser</em>, terbentuk sekelompok sel baru yang
berasal dari </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/trofoblas/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trofoblas</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan
membentuk jaringan penyambung yang lembut, yang disebut </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ekstraembrional. Bagian yang
berbatasan dengan sitotrofoblas disebut </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></i></a><em><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ekstraembrional somatopleural</span></em><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, kemudian akan menjadi selaput </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <em>(chorionic plate).</em>Bagian
yang berbatasan dengan selaput Heuser dan menutupi bakal <em>yolk sac </em>disebut
</span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></i></a><em><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
ekstraembrional splanknopleural</span></em><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Menjelang akhir minggu kedua (hari 13-14), seluruh lingkaran
blastokista telah terbenam dalam </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/uterus/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uterus</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan diliputi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pertumbuhan/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pertumbuhan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/trofoblas/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trofoblas</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang telah dialiri </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ibu. Meski demikian, hanya sistem </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/trofoblas/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trofoblas</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> di daerah dekat embrioblas saja yang
berkembang lebih </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/aktif/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aktif</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
dibandingkan daerah lainnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terbentuknya </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">rongga selom ekstraembrional <em>(extraembryonal
coelomic space)</em> atau rongga </span></b><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <em>(chorionic space).</em></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Di dalam lapisan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ekstraembrional juga terbentuk
celah-celah yang makin lama makin besar dan bersatu, sehingga terjadilah rongga
yang memisahkan kandung kuning telur makin jauh dari sitotrofoblas. Rongga ini
disebut rongga selom ekstraembrional <em>(extraembryonal coelomic space)</em>
atau rongga </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <em>(chorionic
space).</em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Di sisi embrioblas (kutub embrional),
tampak sel-sel kuboid lapisan sitotrofoblas mengadakan invasi ke arah lapisan
sinsitium, membentuk sekelompok sel yang dikelilingi sinsitium disebut
jonjot-jonjot primer <em>(primary stem villi).</em> Jonjot ini memanjang sampai
bertemu dengan aliran </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ibu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terbentuknya </span></b><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/tali-pusat/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tali pusat</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada awal minggu ketiga, </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ekstraembrional somatopleural yang
terdapat di bawah jonjot-jonjot primer (bagian dari selaput </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> di daerah kutub embrional), ikut
menginvasi ke dalam jonjot sehingga membentuk jonjot sekunder <em>(secondary
stem villi)</em> yang terdiri dari inti </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dilapisi selapis sel sitotrofoblas
dan sinsitiotrofoblas.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelang akhir minggu ketiga, dengan
karakteristik angiogenik yang dimilikinya, </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dalam jonjot tersebut berdiferensiasi
menjadi sel </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan
pembuluh kapiler, sehingga jonjot yang tadinya hanya selular kemudian menjadi
suatu jaringan vaskular (disebut jonjot tersier/<em>tertiary stem villi) .</em></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selom ekstraembrional/rongga </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> makin lama makin luas, sehingga
jaringan embrional makin terpisah dari sitotrofoblas/selaput </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, hanya dihubungkan oleh sedikit
jaringan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mesoderm</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang
kemudian menjadi tangkai penghubung <em>(connecting stalk)</em>. </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/mesoderm/"><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mesoderm</span></i></a><em><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> connecting stalk</span></em><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang juga memiliki kemampuan
angiogenik, kemudian akan berkembang menjadi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pembuluh-darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan <em>connecting stalk</em>
tersebut akan menjadi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/tali-pusat/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tali pusat</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">S</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">irkulasi feto-</span></b><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/maternal/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">maternal</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setelah infiltrasi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pembuluh-darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/trofoblas/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trofoblas</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ke dalam sirkulasi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/uterus/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uterus</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, seiring dengan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/perkembangan/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perkembangan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/trofoblas/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trofoblas</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> menjadi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/plasenta/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plasenta</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/dewasa/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dewasa</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, terbentuklah </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komponen/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komponen</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> sirkulasi utero-</span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/plasenta/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plasenta</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Melalui </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pembuluh-darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/tali-pusat/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tali pusat</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, sirkulasi utero-</span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/plasenta/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plasenta</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dihubungkan dengan sirkulasi </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/janin/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">janin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Meskipun demikian, </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> ibu dan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/janin/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">janin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> tetap tidak bercampur menjadi satu
(disebut sistem <em>hemochorial</em>), tetap terpisah oleh dinding </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pembuluh-darah/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembuluh darah</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/janin/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">janin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan lapisan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dengan demikian, </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komponen/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komponen</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> sirkulasi dari ibu (</span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/maternal/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">maternal</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">) berhubungan dengan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komponen/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komponen</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> sirkulasi dari </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/janin/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">janin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (</span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/fetal/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fetal</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">) melalui </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/plasenta/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plasenta</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan </span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/tali-pusat/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tali pusat</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Sistem tersebut dinamakan sirkulasi
feto-</span><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/maternal/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">maternal</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Plasenta “dewasa”</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
Pertumbuhan plasenta makin lama
makin besar dan luas, umumnya mencapai pembentukan lengkap pada usia kehamilan
sekitar 16 minggu. (struktur plasenta dewasa : gambar)</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
Plasenta “dewasa” / lengkap yang
normal :<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>bentuk bundar / oval<br />
2. diameter 15-25 cm, tebal 3-5 cm.<br />
3. berat rata-rata 500-600 g<br />
4. insersi tali pusat (tempat berhubungan dengan plasenta) dapat di tengah /
sentralis, di samping / lateralis, atau di ujung tepi / marginalis.<br />
5. di sisi ibu, tampak daerah2 yang agak menonjol (kotiledon) yang diliputi
selaput tipis desidua basalis.<br />
6. di sisi janin, tampak sejumlah arteri dan vena besar (pembuluh korion)
menuju tali pusat. Korion diliputi oleh amnion.<br />
7. sirkulasi darah ibu di plasenta sekitar 300 cc/menit (20 minggu) meningkat
sampai 600-700 cc/menit (aterm).<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tali
Pusat </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tali
pusat tali yang menghubungkan janin dengan urin dengan ciri: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.
Tebal kira-kira sebesar jari </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.
Panjang 50 cm </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.
Berwarna putih kuning </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.
Tampak terpilin dan tidak pada semua tempat tebalnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tali
pusat duliputi oleh amnion yang sangat erat melekat. Selain berisi arteri dan
vena umbilikalis, tali pusat berisi pula zat seperti agar-agar yang disebut
Selei Wharton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam-macam
Plasenta</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
bentuknya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. plasenta normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. plasenta membranasea </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. plasenta
suksenturiata </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. plasenta spuria </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. plasenta bilobus </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. plasenta trilobus </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
dinding rahim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
plasenta adhesiva </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
plasenta akreta </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
plasenta inkreta </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
plasenta perkreta </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
Plasenta</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi plasenta bagi janin :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">respirasi</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">transfer nutrisi</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>dan <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ekskresi</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ untuk
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sintesa hormon</span></i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Diperkirakan pula
memiliki peranan sebagai barier imunologis yang melindungi janin dari reaksi
penolakan oleh sistem imunologi maternal.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Transportasi bahan melalui plasenta
berlangsung melalui</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">-
Transportasi <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pasif </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Difusi
sederhana [simple diffusion]</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Difusi
dengan fasilitas [facilitated diffusion]</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- Transportasi <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aktif</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi
enzymatic</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pinocytosis</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Mekanisme
diatas memerlukan energi dan kecepatan metabolisme plasenta sebanding dengan
yang terjadi pada hepar atau ginjal.</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/_ezSsIEHCzdA/SpXZSiBNCSI/AAAAAAAAAD8/84Ts6kP0MOw/s1600-h/clip_image012%5b4%5d.jpg"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.8.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ekskresi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ginjal, hati dan
usus janin belum berfungsi dengan baik sebagai alat pembuanga. Sisa metabolisme
akan dibuang melalui plasenta yang dapat menghubungkan janin dengan dunia luar
secara tidak langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zat utama yang
diekskresi adalah karbon dioksida ( CO<sub>2</sub> ). Bilirubin juga diekskresi
karena sel darah merah diganti relatif sering. Terdapat sedikit pemecahan
jaringan yang terpisah serta jumlah urea dan asam urat yang diekskresi sangat
sedikit. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.8.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nutrisi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Sebagian besar nutrien mengalami
transfer dari ibu ke janin melalui metode<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> transfer aktif</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>yang
melibatkan proses enzymatik. Nutrien yang komplek akan dipecah menjadi komponen
sederhana sebelum di transfer dan mengalami rekonstruksi ulang pada villi
chorialis janin. Glukosa sebagai sumber energi utama bagi pertumbuhan janin
(90%), 10% sisanya diperoleh dari asam amino. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jumlah
glukosa yang mengalami transfer meningkat setelah minggu ke 30. Sampai akhir
kehamilan, kebutuhan glukosa kira-kira 10 gram per kilogram berat janin,
kelebihan glukosa dikonversi menjadi <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">glikogen</span></i>
dan <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lemak</span>.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Glikogen
disimpan di hepar dan lemak ditimbun disekitar jantung, belakang skapula. Pada
trimester akhir, terjadi sintesa lemak 2 gram perhari sehingga pada kehamilan
40 minggu 15% dari berat janin berupa lemak. Hal ini menyebabkan adanya
cadangan energi sebesar 21.000 KJ dan diperlukan untuk fungsi metabolisme dalam
regulasi suhu tubuh janin pada hari-hari pertama setelah lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bayi preterm atau dismatur,
cadangan energi lebih rendah sehingga akan menimbulkan permasalahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lemak dalam bentuk asam lemak bebas
sulit untuk di transfer. Lemak yang mengalami proses transfer di resintesa
kedalam bentuk fosfat dan lemak lain dan disimpan dalam jaringan lemak sampai
minggu ke 30. Setelah itu, hepar janin memiliki kemampuan untuk sintesa lemak
dan mengambil alih fungsi metabolisme.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
sirkulasi janin terdapat <i>fetal hemoglobin </i>(F) yang memiliki
afinitas tinggi terhadap oksigen dan sebaliknya mudah melepaskan karbon
dioksida melalui sistem difusi dalam plasenta. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan
adanya perbedaan afinitas tersebut, plasenta dapat menjalankan fungsinya
sebagai alat pernapasan. Makin tua kehamilan, semakin tinggi konsentrasi <i>adult
hemoglobin </i>(A) sebagai persiapan bernapas melalui paru-paru pada saat
kelahiran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.8.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Respirasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vaskularisasi
yang luas didalam villi dan perjalanan darah ibu dalam ruang intervilus yang
relatif pelan memungkinkan pertukaran oksigen dan CO<sub>2 </sub>antara darah
ibu dan janin melalui <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">difusi pasif</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span> Setelah kebutuhan plasenta
terpenuhi, eritrosit janin mengambil oksigen dengan saturasi 70% dan PO<sub>2</sub>
30 – 40 mmHg, sudah memadai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan janin. CO<sub>2</sub>
melewati plasenta dengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">difusi pasif.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ion
Hidrogen, bicarbonate dan asam laktat dapat menembus plasenta melalui <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">difusi sederhana </span>sehingga status
keseimbangan asam-basa antara ibu dan anak sangat berkaitan erat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oleh karena transfer berlangsung perlahan,
janin dapat melakukan <i>“buffer”</i> pada kejadian penurunan pH, kecuali bila
asidosis maternal diperberat dengan dehidrasi atau ketoasidosis sebagaimana
yang terjadi pada partus lanjut dimana janin dapat mengalami asidosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Efisiensi
pertukaran ini tergantung pada pasokan darah ibu melalui <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arteri spiralis</span></i> dan fungsi
plasenta. Bila pasokan darah ibu terbatas seperti yang terjadi pada penyakit
hipertensi dalam kehamilan, penuaan plasenta sebelum saatnya , kehamilan
postmatur, hiperaktivitas uterus atau tekanan talipusat, maka ketoasidosis pada
janin dapat terjadi secara terpisah dari asidosis maternal.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/_ezSsIEHCzdA/SpXZVVCaBJI/AAAAAAAAAEE/5bgELrW_l00/s1600-h/clip_image014%5b5%5d.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.8.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan Hormon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejumlah
besar hormon dihasilkan oleh plasenta. Termasuk diantaranya hormon yang analog
dengan hormon hipotalamus dan hipofisis serta hormon steroid.</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hormon</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Properti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Human Chorionic Somatotropin – hCS</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Serupa dengan Growth Hormon dan Prolaktin</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin – hCG</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stimulasi steroidogenesis adrenal dan plasenta. Analog
LH</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin – hCT</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analog dengan Thyrotropin</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Corticotropin Releasing Hormon – CRH</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti pada deasa</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Estrogen</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komplek. Stimulasi aliran darah dan pertumbuhan
uterus</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Progestogen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Implantasi dan relaksasi otot polos</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 186.0pt;" width="248">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adrenocorticoid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 191.25pt;" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Induksi sistem ensim dan maturasi janin</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejumlah
produk plasenta dan metabolisme janin dapat digunakan untuk skrining penyakit
janin. Pengukuran alfafetoprotein yang dihasilkan oleh hepar,usus dan yolc sac
janin dapat digunakan untuk deteksi sejumlah kelainan anatomi . Bersama dengan
penentuan serum hCG maternal, dapat diperhitungkan terjadinya trisomi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.8.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Transfer
Obat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Transfer
obat melalui plasenta tidak berbeda dengan nutrien lain pada umumnya. Kecepatan
transfer dipengaruhi oleh kelarutan dari molekul ion didalam lemak dan
ketebalan trofoblas. Pada paruh kedua kehamilan, trofoblas menjadi tipis dan
area plasenta bertambah luas sehingga transfer obat dapat berlangsung lebih
mudah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obat ilegal
(narkotika, cocain dan marihuana) yang dikonsumsi oleh ibu hamil dapat melewati
plasenta dan dapat mengganggu perkembangan janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dampak dari
hal ini sulit ditentukan oleh karena selain obat ilegal, pasien biasanya juga
adalah perokok atau peminum alkohol. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertumbuhan janin cenderung
terhambat dan mengalami kelainan kongenital tertentu, Seringkali mengakibatkan
terjadinya persalinan preterm dan anak yang dilahirkan dapat menunjukkan
sindroma withdrawal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.9 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelainan
Plasenta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insersio
Marginalis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tali pusat di
pinggir plasenta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
menimbulkan kesulitan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insersio
Velamentosa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tali pusat
tidak tertanam pada plasenta, tetapi diselimuti janin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuluh-pembuluh
darah tali pusat bercabang dalam selaput janin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klinis: Bila
kebetulan bagian selaput janin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mengandung pembuluh darah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berada di kutub
bawah (vasa previa) maka pada waktu pembuluh darah putus dan menyebabkan
perdarahan yang berasal dari janin sehingga janin akan meninggal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plasenta
Bilobata</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uri yang
terdiri dari 2 bagian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klinis : tidak
menimbulkan kesulitan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plasenta
Fenestra</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uri yang
berlobang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klinis : tidak
menimbulkan kesulitan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plasenta
Marginata (Sirkumvalata)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada pinggir
uri terdapat suatu lingkaran jaringan tebal yang berwarna putih selebar 4 – 5
cm</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaringan putih
ini sesungguhnya lipatan dari jaringan selaput janin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">selaput janin
tidak melekat pada pinggir jaringan uri tetapi agak ke tengah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klinis: dapat
menimbulkan perdarahan sebelum persalinan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plasenta
Suksenturiata</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disamping uri
yang normal didapatkan uri tambahan kecil yang terpisah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diantar auri
tambahan dan uri yang normal ada hubungan pembuluh darah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klinis; Bila
pada waktu persalinan, ada uri tambahan yang tertinggal maka dapat terjadi
perdarahan post partum, oleh karena itu bila pada pemeriksaan uri dalam selaput
janin terdapat pembuluh darah yang terputus dan terbuka, maka harus
diperhatikan kemungkinan adanya plasenta suksenturiata.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bayi dalam kandungan membutuhkan
makanan dan nutrisi yang cukup dalam masa tumbuh kembangnya. Plasenta merupakan
alat yang sangat penting bagi janin, karena plasenta merupakan alat pertukaran
zat antara ibu dan anak sebaliknya, melalui plasenta bayi bias mendapatkan
makanan, nutrisi serta alat untuk melakukan pernafasan. Plasenta dari hari
kehari semakin membesar seiring membesarnya janin dalam rahim.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Letak
plasenta pada umumnya pada korpus uteri bagian depan atau belakang agak ke arah
fundus uteri. Hal ini adalah fisiologis karena permukan bagian atas korpus
uteri lebih luas, sehingga lebih banyak tempat untuk berimplantasi. <em><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tahap Pembentukan plasenta yaitu dimulai dari</span>,
</em>Stadium berongga (lacunar stage), Terbentuknya rongga selom
ekstraembrional<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <em>(extraembryonal
coelomic space)</em></i> atau rongga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/korion/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korion</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<em>(chorionic space), </em>Terbentuknya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/tali-pusat/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tali pusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sirkulasi feto-</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/maternal/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">maternal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Plasenta “dewasa”. Placenta juga mempunyai berbagai fungsi, diantaranya sebagai
Organ <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">respirasi</span>,
Organ <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">transfer
nutrisi</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ekskresi</span>,
Organ untuk <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sintesa
hormone.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saran</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Plasenta merupakan organ yang sangat
dibutuhkan bagi kehidupan bayi dalam rahim, oleh karena itu pemenuhan kebutuhan
nutrisi serta gizi harus tercukupi melalui ibu yang sedang mengandung. Proses
pertumbuhan plasenta sangat berpengaruh besar bagi kehidupan janin dalam
kandungan, pasokan makanan pada ibu sangat mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang pada
plasenta, kerusakan pada plasenta juga merupakan akibat dari buruknya pasokan
makanan yang dikonsumsi ibu. Oleh sebab itu perlu bagi ibu yang sedang
mengandung untuk mengetahui proses pertumbuhan plasenta, organ yang merupakan
hubungan pengikat antara ibu dan bayi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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Princess Teddyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17929008291804427834noreply@blogger.com0